On Gung Ho

美国海军陆战队中的“工合”精神

西北大学 马修•拉塞尔 | 文

 西安翻译学院 何佳乐 | 译

Related to the concept of Semper Fidelis is a term borrowed from Chinese language and culture, Gung Ho. I’m not going to educate my Chinese readers on the meaning or history of Gung Ho, but I will educate you on how it found its way into Marine Corps vernacular and its American meaning, which can be somewhat different.

有一个源自中国语言文化的词与美国海军歌曲“永远忠诚、绝对忠诚”的理念同义，这个词就是“工合”。我无意于在此向我的中国读者们介绍它的意义或历史。我想告诉大家的是它如何一路从中国到了美国海军陆战队，从此成为英语词汇并具备了美国文化的含义。 

Both have an element of believing in something greater than oneself and implementing that belief into one’s tactics and goals. Gung Ho is also an American term with multiple meanings, but mostly it pertains to a sense of unstoppable motivation, almost to a fanatical level sometimes.

无论是在中文还是英文语境中，这个词都含有“相信某种更强大的力量，并将这一力量融入战略中实现目标”之意。“工合”在美语中的含义多元，但基本上意味着一种势如破竹、不可阻挡，甚至是狂热向前的冲劲和干劲。

While in China in 1937-8, Col. Carlson learned from the Chinese use of guerilla and unconventional warfare while fighting the Japanese invasion. This inspired him to implement new tactics.

1937年到1938年期间，卡尔逊上校看到中国人民在抗日战争中运用的游击战和非常规战战术。他深受启发并将之用于自己的作战方案之中。

埃文斯·福代斯·卡尔逊（Evans Fordyce Carlson）

After briefly retiring from the Marines to become a lecturer on the dangers of Japanese aggression, he was reinstated into the Marines to help for America’s first commando force, Carlson’s Raiders of the 2^nd Marine Battalion along with Edson’s Raiders of the 1^st Marine Battalion. Beneath the experimental training with new technologies for the time, the value and philosophy of Gung Ho was the driving force for the Raiders training.

从海军陆战队退役后不久，卡尔逊在美国各地演讲，讲述日本侵华战争的危害。不久后，他官复原职，奉命组建美国第一支突击队。突击队由卡尔逊的海军陆战队第二突击营和埃德森的第一突击营组成。新成立的突击营采用了从中国学到的新技术训练方案，“工合”的价值和理念成为了突击营队员坚持训练的动力。

The tactics used by the Raiders most similarly resembles what is used by first generation Navy SEALS of 1962. The Raiders mission in pacific battles was to sabotage the Japanese defenses by clearing mines and beach obstacles via scuba diving and also to parachute behind enemy lines and neutralize machine gun nests before the battle.

陆战队突击营使用的战术类似于1962年第一代海豹突击队使用的战术。突击营在太平洋战争中的任务是通过轻便潜水，扫除地雷和障碍物，破坏日军防御工事。同时，他们在战斗前还需要伞降空投到敌方阵线之后，捣毁敌人的机枪阵。

These high risk efforts allowed the Marine infantry to fight their way up various mountains on various Pacific islands. These Pacific battles were similar in nature to the Battle of Normandy and a few proved to be more dangerous with higher allied casualty to survivor ratio.

这些任务的风险很高，但却为海军陆战队步兵营赢得了战机，使他们成功拿下太平洋岛屿的众多山头。从性质上来说，这种太平洋战斗与诺曼底登陆战很像，有几场战役甚至更为危险，但盟军人数的伤亡与存活比率不低。

After proving themselves in pacific battles, the Raiders value of Gung Ho impressed the infantry Marines that they began adopting a similar mentality. With the nomenclature of POGaside, there is a saying from the first day at Boot Camp that “Every Marine is a Rifleman First”. This means that even if a Marine’s specialty job is to work on radios or program computers etc… they need to be ready to stop what they’re doing and join the fight without hesitation. So naturally, the mentality of Gung Ho also went from the Infantry into all of the Marine Corps.

突击营在太平洋战争中大显身手，队员们践行的“工合”精神也传播到了海军陆战营步兵团中，他们也开始接受“工合”理念。除了那些缺乏战斗经验的士兵外，每位入营的新兵战士第一天就必须明白：“每位陆战队员首先必须是名机枪手”。也就是说，作为海军陆战队队员，即使他的工作是无线电或计算机编程等，一旦战争需要就必须随时停止工作，拿起枪杆参加战斗。可以说，“工合”精神自然而然地从步兵团传播到了整个海军陆战队的各个兵种之中。

Because of Gung Ho, the Marine Corps believes itself to be an elite force. Because of this, the Raiders didn’t have much of a future because other Marines believed that an elite force within an elite force wasn’t useful and the Raiders were relegated to regular infantry after WWII. The skills used in the Raiders were later implemented into another unit called Recon.

由于“工合”精神的影响，海军陆战队坚信自己是一支精锐部队。也正是因为这个原因，突击营便显得没有存在必要，因为精锐中的精锐作用不大。二战结束后，突击营被降级为常规步兵。突击营的训练方法也被应用到侦察部队之中。

Eventually, the Marine Corps was even unable to contain the term Gung Ho and it found its way into American vocabulary. Perhaps an athlete or a businessman is extremely driven and never rests, they are Gung Ho.

后来，“工合”一词的影响越来越大。它不仅仅是海军陆战队的训练口号，更是被辗转收录进美国词典当中，成为了一个英语词汇。如果说一名运动员或者一个商人激情满满、永不停止前进的步伐，那一定是因为“工合”精神的鼓舞。

宝鸡翻译协会|供稿

Evans was a natural leader of men, with a potential for more development, as he knew. The “Gung Ho Ethical Indoctrination” which he taught his Raiders was an advanced form of the essence of socialist Protestant ethics. It combined the maximum feasible initiative and development of the individual with group responsibility and “cooperativism.” Evans carried Emerson in his pocket on his travels and “self-help” is the Indusco adjective.

卡尔逊是天生的领导者，他知道自己还有更大的发展潜力。他向突击队员们传授的“工合道德灌输”是社会主义新教伦理本质的高级形式。它能让个人最大限度的主动性、个人发展与团体责任和“合作主义”相结合。埃文斯在走访中随身携带爱默生的作品，认为“自助”是工业合作社的代名词。

摘自海伦·福斯特·斯诺《工合文录（1985）》